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! Music
Download A music download
refers to the transferring of a music file from an
Internet-facing computer or website to a user's
local computer. This term encompasses both legal
downloads and downloads of copyright material
without permission or payment if
required. Legal music
downloads typically involved the a purchase of a
song or album available for downloading on the
Internet. Downloading music first became popular
with file sharing technologies such as peer-to-peer
networks, with people breaking copyright laws by
not paying for any of it. The Recording Industry
Association of America (RIAA) claimed that this
practice was damaging the music industry, and a
series of law suits led to many of these networks
being closed down. However, those who support such
technologies argued that the music industry said
the same thing about recordable tapes and CDs, and
even when recorded music came out as before then
artists got their money through live performance,
and that the industry should embrace the
advancements in technology rather than enforce
prohibitions on the practice. Very little
publishable academic research has been done to
clarify this form of massive consumer
behavior. There is a great
deal of freely available music online, which is
distributed by the copyright holders for various
reasons. (For instance, some university orchestras
have high-quality recordings of their
performances.) This fully legitimate free music is
often overlooked by the popular media and is hardly
a new development on the Internet. Sponsor
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Peer to
Peer A peer-to-peer
(or "P2P", or, rarely, "PtP") computer network uses
diverse connectivity between participants in a
network and the cumulative bandwidth of network
participants rather than conventional centralized
resources where a relatively low number of servers
provide the core value to a service or application.
Peer-to-peer networks are typically used for
connecting nodes via largely ad hoc connections.
Such networks are useful for many purposes. Sharing
content files (see file sharing) containing audio,
video, data or anything in digital format is very
common, and realtime data, such as telephony
traffic, is also passed using P2P
technology. A pure
peer-to-peer network does not have the notion of
clients or servers, but only equal peer nodes that
simultaneously function as both "clients" and
"servers" to the other nodes on the network. This
model of network arrangement differs from the
client-server model where communication is usually
to and from a central server. A typical example for
a non peer-to-peer file transfer is an FTP server
where the client and server programs are quite
distinct, and the clients initiate the
download/uploads and the servers react to and
satisfy these requests. The earliest
peer-to-peer network in widespread use was the
Usenet news server system, in which peers
communicated with one another to propagate Usenet
news articles over the entire Usenet network.
Particularly in the earlier days of Usenet, UUCP
was used to extend even beyond the Internet.
However, the news server system also acted in a
client-server form when individual users accessed a
local news server to read and post articles. The
same consideration applies to SMTP email in the
sense that the core email relaying network of Mail
transfer agents is a peer-to-peer network while the
periphery of Mail user agents and their direct
connections is client server. Some networks and
channels such as Napster, OpenNAP and IRC server
channels use a client-server structure for some
tasks (e.g. searching) and a peer-to-peer structure
for others. Networks such as Gnutella or Freenet
use a peer-to-peer structure for all purposes, and
are sometimes referred to as true peer-to-peer
networks, although Gnutella is greatly facilitated
by directory servers that inform peers of the
network addresses of other peers. Peer-to-peer
architecture embodies one of the key technical
concepts of the Internet, described in the first
Internet Request for Comments, RFC 1, "Host
Software" dated 7 April 1969. More recently, the
concept has achieved recognition in the general
public in the context of the absence of central
indexing servers in architectures used for
exchanging multimedia files. The concept of
peer to peer is increasingly evolving to an
expanded usage as the relational dynamic active in
distributed networks, i.e. not just computer to
computer, but human to human. Yochai Benkler has
coined the term "commons-based peer production" to
denote collaborative projects such as free
software. Associated with peer production are the
concept of peer governance (referring to the manner
in which peer production projects are managed) and
peer property (referring to the new type of
licenses which recognize individual authorship but
not exclusive property rights, such as the GNU
General Public License and the Creative Commons
licenses). |
